• meat and variety meat
Meat with too many bones and connective tissue has less nutrient value. Raw meat has better food value, than boiled, though tainted raw meat can harm more than benefit. So when we talk about raw meat it's certainly fresh raw meat which passed quality-test and allowed for sale.
Variety meat — innards and separate parts of cattle carcass; often used for dogs' feeding. Variety meat is usually divided to 2 categories depending on their nutrient value:
— 1st category variety meat includes tongue, liver, kidneys, brain, heart, diaphragm, udder, meat ends, tail;
— 2nd category variety meat is tripe, maw, hog stomach, lungs, head without brain and tongue, trachea, spleen, lips, ears, throat, etc.
Variety meat can be used in dogs' rations (up to 30% of daily ration caloric content). All variety meat from healthy cattle and without any signs of spoil can be given raw. Meat ends and variety meat high in muscles (diaphragm, tail) are given instead of meat.
Content and nutrient value are different for all kinds of variety meat.
Liver is enriched by vitamins, has high diet value. As other 1st category variety meat it is humans' food. Considering it's high price and great nutrient value it's usually given to dogs in the rutting season, pregnancy, as well as to puppies and lactating bitches. Liver especially benefits anemic dog organism.
Heart is a source of wholesome proteins, contains vitamins of B–group.
Kidneys are rich by A– and B– group vitamins.
Brain contains high percentage of lipids (fats), choline. It's recommended to be given to dogs during the rutting season and on lipid metabolism disorders.
Udder has comparably not too much protein, but a lot of fat, so consuming too much of udder may cause stomach disorders.
Spleen is rich by wholesome protein and close to muscle meat and liver by content of key amino acids. Spleen also contains antibodies and ferments. Early sign of corruption is darkening of cut color. Excess of spleen in dogs ration causes black diarrhea.
Lungs contain a lot of connective tissue. It may be given in quite large amount, constantly adding it well cut to the ration to prevent vomit.
Animals stomach can be given raw if fresh enough. Most valuable parts of stomach are tripe and maw which contains up to 10% of fat together with well amount of wholesome protein. Do not feed a dog by not cleaned bowels — they shall be cleaned, washed and thoroughly boiled.
Heads of sheep and cattle half are bones. Head protein has low index of assimilability. Legs, lips, ears have too little wholesome protein so are given combined with other food as source of calcium and phosphor.
Bones aren't the best dog food. They contain protein, fat, a lot of calcium, magnesium and other minerals, but ration shall include not more than 0.06 oz per 1 lbs (1 g per 1 kg) of dog weight. Bones excess in dog ration may cause blockage of esophagus and digestive tract. Sharp pieces of long bones may harm stomach and intestine.
Blood got on slaughter is given to dogs at any age, starting from 2—3 month old. Blood contains up to 22% of wholesome assimilable protein. It has no less necessary amino acids than muscle meat. Healthy animal's blood in it's first hours has antibacterial effect. Giving blood to dogs prevents sideropenic anemia, especially on fish ration prevail. Blood can be given raw, boiled, conserved, and as fibrin (clotted blood). Fresh clean blood of cattle, horses and sheep may be given raw for 3—5 hours after decant; then it shall be boiled.
Tankage cuttings serve good to dogs. They're got in packing house on lengthwise cut of carcass. Cuttings are rich by protein and minerals. Small amount is added to cook a soup.
Meat-bone meal is source of high quality protein and minerals. Meal is prepared from variety meat and cattle carcasses which passed through quality-test. Meat-bone meal also includes powdered bones. It contains 45—50% of protein and not more than 11% of fat. Adult dogs may get up to 31/2 oz (100 g) of meat-bone meal a day. Though it's not well digestible. Better serves as additive to usual ration. [back]
• cow milk and milk products
Cow milk is exclusively valuable protein food. It's nutrients are fully digested by dog's organism. Sour milk products do much good either.
Curd containing 13—19% of protein has great biological value. 2 lbs (1 kg) of curd contain 1/5 —1/3 oz (2—4 g) of phosphor. Milk and curd are necessary components of rations for puppies and pregnant bitches. Sometimes bread is added into milk.
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• fish
Fish in a row with meat is a source of wholesome protein, digestible fats, vitamins A, D, some microelements, especially iodine and cobalt. Fat value depends on season, it's the highest in fall.
Fish is rich by minerals, their total amount in the whole fish with bones is up to 5,5%, while sea fish has more minerals than freshwater one.
Sea fish has comparably more cobalt, iodine, though less iron, copper, manganese and zinc. Macroelement fish content barely differs from meat. Fish contains a lot of vitamins. It's believed that ungutted sea fish if given in not less amount than 30% of total food mass may wholly provide pet's need in A, Â and B12 vitamins. Though fish has lower level of B group vitamins than meat.
Many kinds of freshwater and sea fish contain ferment thiaminase which given raw may cause kakke (B1). Such fishes are carp, pike, etc., sea fishes – herring, sardine, capelin, etc. Some kinds of fish (Alaska pollock, poutassou, hake) contain trimethylaminoxide which binds iron in the food and turns it indigestible. Ration with these kinds of fish included causes heavy anemia. Anemia and kakke (B1) especially strikes northern working dogs as they're fed all the time by the same kind of fish. Boiling disintegrates trimethylaminoxide.
Feeding dogs by fish keep in mind that it may contain helminthes. To avoid helminthes invasion, examine fish carefully, or better boil it. Also pay special attention to get rid of fish bones to prevent serious harm to dog. [back]
Dog's food shall look as potage (cream thickness) or slop. Adult dog may consume up to 3 quarts (3 kg) of food. Preparing food rinse soup meat and put whole to the pan. Boil till getting meat stock.
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